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Showing posts with label STUDY MATERIAL. Show all posts
Showing posts with label STUDY MATERIAL. Show all posts

Friday, 7 February 2020

Important Terms in Geo Technical Engineering (Soil mechanics)

ARTICLE , STUDY MATERIAL
Important Terms in Geo Technical Engineering (Soil mechanics)
Important Terms in Geo Technical Engineering (Soil mechanics)


Important Terms in Geo Technical Engineering (Soil mechanics)

Void Ratio
The void ratio of a mixture is the ratio of the volume of voids to volume of solids. The amount of void present in the soil mass.

Porosity
The space between particles is called pore space. a soil has. The porosity of a soil is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the soil material.

Degree of Saturation
The degree of saturation is the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids. It is denoted by 'S'. The degree of saturation generally expressed as a percentage. It is equal to zero when the soil is absolutely dry and 100% when the soil is fully saturated.

Specific Gravity
It also called relative density is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume.

Unit Weight of Soil
Unit weight of the soil is the total weight of the soil divided by total volume. Total weight of soil also includes weight of water.

Seepage velocity
Seepage velocity is the velocity of groundwater calculated from Darcy's law. Seepage velocity is not the actual velocity of the water in the pores, but the apparent velocity through the bulk of the porous medium.

Discharge Velocity
Discharge velocity is the volume of water flowing in unit time across the unit cross section perpendicular to the direction of flow. Seepage flow is the volume of of water flowing in unit time across the unit surface area of available voids

Flow net
A flow net is a graphical representation of two-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow through aquifers. Construction of a flow net is often used for solving groundwater flow problems where the geometry makes analytical solutions impractical.

Moisture content
Moisture content is the amount of moisture in the sample given as a percentage of the sample's original (wet) weight. Dry content is the amount of solids which are left after drying given as a percentage of the sample's original (wet) weight.

Liquid limit
It is the minimum water content the soil still act as liquid and it has some shearing resistance to flow. The water content the soil is change liquid limit to plastic limit is called liquid limit

Plastic Limit
Plastic limit is the water content in clay soil below Which it stops to behave like a plastic material. it starts to crumble when rolled in threads of 3 mm diameter

Shrinkage limit
It is the minimum water content the reduction in water in soil does not make any volume change is called shrinkage limit. The shrinkage limit is the water content at which the volume of the soil starts to increase. It is also at the point where the soil is 100% saturated.

Angle of internal friction
Angle of internal friction (friction angle) A measure of the ability of a unit of rock or soil to withstand a shear stress. It is the angle (φ), measured between the normal force (N) and resultant force (R), that is attained when failure just occurs in response to a shearing stress (S)

Specific area
Specific surface area (SSA) is a property of solids defined as the total surface area of a material per unit of mass, (with units of m2/kg or m2/g) or solid or bulk volume (units of m2/m3 or m−1). It is a physical value that can be used to determine the type and properties of a material

Liquefaction
Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. Liquefaction and related phenomena have been responsible for tremendous amounts of damage in historical earthquakes around the world
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MG6851- Principles of Management all unit presentation free download

STUDY MATERIAL ,
MG6851- Principles of Management all unit presentation free download
MG6851- Principles of Management all unit presentation / all unit notes Principles of management common to all B.E- Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering


UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONS

 Definition of Management – Science or Art – Manager Vs Entrepreneur – types of managers – managerial roles and skills – Evolution of Management – Scientific, human relations , system and contingency approaches – Types of Business organization – Sole proprietorship, partnership, company-public and private sector enterprises – Organization culture and Environment – Current trends and issues in Management.

UNIT II PLANNING

 Nature and purpose of planning – planning process – types of planning – objectives – setting objectives – policies – Planning premises – Strategic Management – Planning Tools and Techniques – Decision making steps and process.

UNIT III ORGANISING

Nature and purpose – Formal and informal organization – organization chart – organization structure – types – Line and staff authority – departmentalization – delegation of authority – centralization and decentralization – Job Design – Human Resource Management – HR Planning, Recruitment, selection, Training and Development, Performance Management , Career planning and management.

UNIT IV DIRECTING

Foundations of individual and group behaviour – motivation – motivation theories – motivational techniques – job satisfaction – job enrichment – leadership – types and theories of leadership – communication – process of communication – barrier in communication – effective communication –communication and IT.

UNIT V CONTROLLING

System and process of controlling – budgetary and non-budgetary control techniques – use of computers and IT in Management control – Productivity problems and management – control and performance – direct and preventive control – reporting.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
All Units Notes: Unit 1-4 Unit 5 Click Here 

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Wednesday, 23 October 2019

Reinforced cement concrete- RCC, Advantages and Applications

ARTICLE , STUDY MATERIAL
Reinforced cement concrete- RCC, Advantages and Applications



Reinforced cement concrete

   Concrete is mostly used construction materials across the global construction industry. Concrete is a composite material combined with cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate.
     Plain cement concrete is reinforced with reinforcement materials like steel, timber or any other materials is known as RCC (Reinforced cement concrete). We know the concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension. So the enhancement of tensile strength we add high tensile strength steel reinforcement in concrete.
    Commonly in construction the steel reinforcement is used because of two main reasons that is cheap rate (economical) compare to other material and co-efficient of thermal expansion for concrete and steel is more or less equal (7.2 x 10-6).

Advantages of RCC

  • It has high strength to with stand all structural loads and live loads
  • It is very economical construction material compare to other construction materials like glass or steel
  • RCC has good durability characteristics and serve for long years
  • RCC has good fire resistance so we can avoid huge accident during fire accident in the building
  • Good RCC has Seismic Resistance also it is safe at low magnitude earthquake
  • Ease of Construction
  • Ability to Consume and Recycle Waste, we can add certain percentage of recyclable materials or waste materials into the concrete with replacement of coarse or fine aggregate.

 Applications of Reinforced Concrete
  • Buildings
  • Bridges and Flyovers
  • Water Tanks
  • Roads pavements
  • Floating Structures
  • Foundations
  • Marine Structures
  • Pipes and Conduits
  • Precast concrete elements
  • Chimneys and Towers
  • Retaining Walls
  • Bunkers and Silos


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Tuesday, 22 October 2019

Self compacting concrete, requirements, application, advantages, disadvantages, test on SCC

ARTICLE , STUDY MATERIAL
Self compacting concrete, requirements, application, advantages, disadvantages, test on SCC


Self compacting concrete
          The compaction of concrete is very essential for good compressive strength of concrete. The voids in concrete id attested and avoided by using better compaction. But the concrete is poured in congested area the good compaction is quite difficult. In such places the self compacting concrete to be used. Because the concrete is need not external compaction. This concrete is compact itself using self compacting ability

Requirement of SCC
  • Flow ability
  • Filling ability
  • Segregation resistance

Admixtures to be added
  • Super plasticizers (High range water reducers)
  • Viscosity modifying agents
  • Air entraining agents

Test on SCC

        The flow ability and filling ability of self compacting concrete is checked in laboratory by using following tests
  • L box test
  • J ring test
  • U box test
  • V fennel test
  • Flow table test
  • Compaction factor test

Preparation of SCC
  • Commonly the water cement ratio is high compare to conventional concrete mix. The cement, fine aggregate, course aggregate is taken in correct proportion as per mix design.
  • First cement and fine aggregate is mixed properly and add course aggregate then mix evenly.
  • Add super plasticizer to the water in required quantity then added to concrete mix. Add half the water. Then mix properly. Then add viscosity modifying agents and air entraining agents to the water then added to the concrete mix.
  • Now the VMA is helpful to enhance the concrete flow ability. Also air entraining agent is helpful to prevent air bubble formation in concrete.
  • After mixing properly the concrete is pumped and placed in required place with out external compaction.

Advantage of SCC
  • The external compaction is not required
  • Workmanship is drastically reduced
  • Concrete strength will be increased
  • Concrete pouring cost will be reduced
  • Construction time will be saved. Quicker construction.

Disadvantages
  • Need skilled manpower
  • Construction cost is high compare to conventional concrete
  • Manual concrete mixing is not possible




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Friday, 18 October 2019

High range water reducers (Super plasticizers) - types, application, effects, advantages | special concrete

ARTICLE , STUDY MATERIAL
High range water reducers (Super plasticizers) - types, application, effects, advantages | special concrete
High range water reducers (Super plasticizers)





High range water reducers (Super plasticizers)

          The water content (Water cement ratio) is influence a major role in concrete strength. Low water cement ratio gives more strength to the concrete but the major impact is workability. Concrete should be more workable as much as possible. Increasing in water content leads to strength loss. The only way to increase the workability and strength subsequently is usage of high range water reducers or super plasticizers.

Types
  • ·        Sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde condensates.
  • ·        Sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate
  • ·        Modified lignosulfonates.
  • ·        Polycarboxylate derivatives.

Effects in concrete Properties
  • ·        It improves the workability of concrete without bleeding and segregation
  • ·        It increases the compressive strength of concrete
  • ·        Shrinkage of concrete is reduced
  • ·        If properly cured, permeability of concrete in which high range water reducing admixture is used is greatly reduced, in turn, penetration of aggressive agents is declined.
  • ·        Bond strength of concrete also increased

Advantages
  • ·        High range water reducers may serve the purpose of increasing strength through a reduction in the water-cement ratio while maintaining equal slump, increasing slump while maintaining equal water-cement ratio or a combination thereof.
  • ·        It declines concrete permeability and increase its durability.
  • ·        High range water reducing admixture decreases the quantity of cement needed to gain specific strength.


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Saturday, 24 November 2018

GATE Exam Civil engineering syllabus

EXAMS , STUDY MATERIAL
GATE Exam Civil engineering syllabus

CE- CIVIL ENGINEERING GATE SYLLABUS


Section 1: Engineering Mathematics
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra; Systems of linear equations; Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable; Limit, continuity and differentiability; Mean value theorems, local maxima and minima, Taylor and Maclaurin series; Evaluation of definite and indefinite integrals, application of definite integral to obtain area and volume; Partial derivatives; Total derivative; Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE): First order (linear and non-linear) equations; higher order linear equations with constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equations; Laplace transform and its application in solving linear ODEs; initial and boundary value problems.
Partial Differential Equation (PDE): Fourier series; separation of variables; solutions of one-dimensional diffusion equation; first and second order one-dimensional wave equation and two-dimensional Laplace equation.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems; Conditional probability; Discrete Random variables: Poisson and Binomial distributions; Continuous random variables: normal and exponential distributions; Descriptive statistics - Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Hypothesis testing.
Numerical Methods: Accuracy and precision; error analysis. Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; Least square approximation, Newton’s and Lagrange polynomials, numerical differentiation, Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, single and multi-step methods for first order differential equations.
Section 2: Structural Engineering
Engineering Mechanics: System of forces, free-body diagrams, equilibrium equations; Internal forces in structures; Friction and its applications; Kinematics of point mass and rigid body; Centre of mass; Euler’s equations of motion; Impulse-momentum; Energy methods; Principles of virtual work.
Solid Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams; Simple stress and strain relationships; Theories of failures; Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, shear centre; Uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses.
Structural Analysis: Statically determinate and indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods; Method of superposition; Analysis of trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames; Displacement methods: Slope deflection and moment distribution methods; Influence lines; Stiffness and flexibility methods of structural analysis.
Construction Materials and Management: Construction Materials: Structural steel - composition, material properties and behaviour; Concrete - constituents, mix design, short-term and long-term properties; Bricks and mortar; Timber; Bitumen. Construction Management: Types of construction projects; Tendering and construction contracts; Rate analysis and standard specifications; Cost estimation; Project planning and network analysis - PERT and CPM.
Concrete Structures: Working stress, Limit state and Ultimate load design concepts; Design of beams, slabs, columns; Bond and development length; Prestressed concrete; Analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads.
Steel Structures: Working stress and Limit state design concepts; Design of tension and compression members, beams and beam- columns, column bases; Connections - simple and eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders and trusses; Plastic analysis of beams and frames.
Section 3: Geotechnical Engineering
Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil structure and fabric; Three-phase system and phase relationships, index properties; Unified and Indian standard soil classification system; Permeability - one dimensional flow, Darcy’s law; Seepage through soils - two-dimensional flow, flow nets, uplift pressure, piping; Principle of effective stress, capillarity, seepage force and quicksand condition; Compaction in laboratory and field conditions; One-dimensional consolidation, time rate of consolidation; Mohr’s circle, stress paths, effective and total shear strength parameters, characteristics of clays and sand.
Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations - scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, plate load test, standard penetration and cone penetration tests; Earth pressure theories - Rankine and Coulomb; Stability of slopes - finite and infinite slopes, method of slices and Bishop’s method; Stress distribution in soils - Boussinesq’s and Westergaard’s theories, pressure bulbs; Shallow foundations - Terzaghi’s and Meyerhoff’s bearing capacity theories, effect of water table; Combined footing and raft foundation; Contact pressure; Settlement analysis in sands and clays; Deep foundations - types of piles, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays, pile load test, negative skin friction.
Section 4: Water Resources Engineering
Fluid Mechanics: Properties of fluids, fluid statics; Continuity, momentum, energy and corresponding equations; Potential flow, applications of momentum and energy equations; Laminar and turbulent flow; Flow in pipes, pipe networks; Concept of boundary layer and its growth.
Hydraulics: Forces on immersed bodies; Flow measurement in channels and pipes; Dimensional analysis and hydraulic similitude; Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles; Basics of hydraulic machines, specific speed of pumps and turbines; Channel Hydraulics - Energy-depth relationships, specific energy, critical flow, slope profile, hydraulic jump, uniform flow and gradually varied flow
Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, evaporation, evapo-transpiration, watershed, infiltration, unit hydrographs, hydrograph analysis, flood estimation and routing, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing, surface run-off models, ground water hydrology - steady state well hydraulics and aquifers; Application of Darcy’s law.
Irrigation: Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration; Crop water requirements; Design of lined and unlined canals, head works, gravity dams and spillways; Design of weirs on permeable foundation; Types of irrigation systems, irrigation methods; Water logging and drainage; Canal regulatory works, cross-drainage structures, outlets and escapes.
Section 5: Environmental Engineering
Water and Waste Water: Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment, quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater, effluent discharge standards. Domestic wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment. Unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal.
Air Pollution: Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control, air quality standards and limits.
Municipal Solid Wastes: Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment and disposal).
Noise Pollution: Impacts of noise, permissible limits of noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of noise pollution.
Section 6: Transportation Engineering
Transportation Infrastructure: Highway alignment and engineering surveys; Geometric design of highways - cross-sectional elements, sight distances, horizontal and vertical alignments; Geometric design of railway track; Airport runway length, taxiway and exit taxiway design.
Highway Pavements: Highway materials - desirable properties and quality control tests; Design of bituminous paving mixes; Design factors for flexible and rigid pavements; Design of flexible pavement using IRC: 37-2012; Design of rigid pavements using IRC: 58-2011; Distresses in concrete pavements.
Traffic Engineering: Traffic studies on flow, speed, travel time - delay and O-D study, PCU, peak hour factor, parking study, accident study and analysis, statistical analysis of traffic data; Microscopic and macroscopic parameters of traffic flow, fundamental relationships; Control devices, signal design by Webster’s method; Types of intersections and channelization; Highway capacity and level of service of rural highways and urban roads.
Section 7: Geomatics Engineering
Principles of surveying; Errors and their adjustment; Maps - scale, coordinate system; Distance and angle measurement - Levelling and trigonometric levelling; Traversing and triangulation survey; Total station; Horizontal and vertical curves.
Photogrammetry - scale, flying height; Remote sensing - basics, platform and sensors, visual image interpretation; Basics of Geographical information system (GIS) and Geographical Positioning system (GPS).
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Thursday, 13 September 2018

How to crack GATE exam

ARTICLE , STUDY MATERIAL
How to crack GATE exam


How to crack GATE exam

             GATE is the most important exam for studying Post Graduate degree in IITs and NITs. Also get post in Navarathna Companies (Central government companies). Deep understanding in concepts and detailed knowledge in problem solving is required to get eligible score in GATE exam. As well as proper planning and study some important area is enough to get reasonable score in GATE exam.
             Here, the high weightage of Individual area is given. We choose  the subject accordingly and prepare well

        1.      General Aptitude – 15 %
        2.      Engineering Mathematics – 15%
        3.      Geo Technical Engineering  - 15 %
        4.      Environmental Engineering – 10%
        5.      Fluid Mechanics – 8 %
        6.      Structural Analysis – 7 %
        7.      Irrigation Engineering  -7 %
        8.      Solid Mechanics – 7 %
        9.      Steel Structures – 4 %
       10.  Transportation Engineering – 3 %
       11.  Construction management – 2 %
       12.  Geometrics – 2 %
       13.  R.C.C – 3 %
       14.  Engineering Mechanics – 2 %

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